For buyers contracting authority
Pick 72231000 when the deliverable is software built specifically for a military or defence purpose. The cleanest test is the end use: a command-and-control system, a mission-planning or wargaming tool, sensor and data-fusion software, or a defence-specific decision-support platform points here. Generic business software that the armed forces happen to procure does not, even when the contracting authority is a ministry of defence.
The boundary that trips contracting authorities is the parent and its other branch. Custom software development services (72230000) is the broader category to default to when the application is not specifically military. The sibling 72232000 (Development of transaction processing and custom software) is the right pick when the build is a transactional or general custom application rather than a defence-domain one.
Much of the activity runs through framework contracts and multi-year programmes, which fits the €1.67M mean across disclosed awards (TED 2009-2026). Where a contract bundles a defence build with maintenance or integration, set the primary CPV code by the dominant deliverable, and accept that some authorities tag defence software upward under the generic custom-development parent.